Friday, May 31, 2019

Dangers of Buying Bottled Water Essay -- Food

WaterConsider bottled water, have you ever wondered why you bring yourself to spend two to five dollars on a unanalyzable bottle of water? Water is one our earths very resources, should it be legal to have to purchase water at all? Wouldnt you consider water a human right? According to TIME, Nestle makes $2.2 billion a year off of bottled water. This company and many like it ar taking groundwater from local communities at little to no cost, and selling it at inflated prices as purified water. In the state of Michigan, citizens be protesting the outflow of water. They are claiming that groundwater levels are dangerously dropping and becoming unhealthy. When groundwater begins to drop to an unhealthy level that community must begin rationing out water to some how maintain the levels. This leaves children dry and mothers frantically trying to find ways to supply such a necessity to their families. It is not fair that these companies, like Nestle, are permitted to withdraw 210 one m illion million gallons of water a year to sell at a profit that is yet to be figured. In this process, sta...

Thursday, May 30, 2019

MBA 820, Finance, Summer 2005, Final Exam :: OSU Ohio Business Finance

MBA 820, Finance, Summer 2005, Final ExamOSU Ohio State UniversityAnswer Key IncludedPart I Multiple-Choice 1 point each 1. If the Markets Desk at the New York Federal Reserve Bank purchases T-bills, this will 1. Increase the Federal capital Rate 2. Decrease the Federal Funds Rate 3. Raise the value of the dollar on the foreign exchange marketplace 4. Lower the value of the dollar on the foreign exchange market 5. Both a and c 6. Both a and d 7. Both b and c 8. Both b and d 2. Demand influences production match to (choose the answer/answers that does/do NOT apply) 1. Classical Economics 2. Keynesian Economics 3. Monetarists 4. New Classical Economics 5. New Keynesian Economics 3. For a untaught to peg its exchange rate, the countrys central bank must (choose the answer/answers that does/do NOT apply) 1. Keep monetary autonomy 2. Change the notes suppl y 3. Buy short term bonds 4. Buy foreign exchange 5. Accumulate reserves 4. GDP in 1981 was $2.96 trillion. It grew to $3.07 trillion in 1982, yet the cadence of output actually decreased. This is because 1. Prices increased 2. GDP is not the same as Real GDP 3. Statistical discrepancies caused in error in the 1981 reading 4.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

College Admissions Essay: A Higher Understanding of Science :: College Admissions Essays

Achieving a Higher Understanding of Science Surrounded by thousands of stars, complete silence, and spectacular mountains, I stood atop the Colorado Mountain inflorescence awestruck by natures beauty. Immediately, I realized that I must dedicate my life to understanding the causes of the universes beauty. In addition, the hike taught me several valuable lessons that will earmark me to increase my understanding through scientific research. Although the first few miles of the hike up the mountain did not offer fantastic get winds, the vistas became spectacular once I climbed above tree line. Immediately, I sensed that understanding the natural world parallels climbing a mountain. To reach my goal of total comprehension of natural phenomena, I realized that I must begin with knowledge that may be uninteresting by itself. However, this knowledge will form the foundation of an dead-on(prenominal) imagine of the universe. Much like every step while hiking leads the hiker nearer t he mountain peak, all knowledge leads the scientist nearer total understanding. Above tree line, the fruitlessness and silence of the hike taught me that individuals must have their own direction. All hikers know that they must carry complete maps to reach their destinations they do not allow others to exact their maps for them. Similarly, surrounded only by mountaintops, sky, and silence, I recognized the need to remain individually focused on my lifes goal of understanding the physical universe. At the summit, the view of the surrounding mountain range is spectacular. The panorama offers a view of hills and smaller mountains. Some people during their lives climb many small hills. However, to have the most accurate view of the world, I must be dedicated to climbing the biggest mountains I can find. Too often people simply hike across a flat valley without ascending because they content themselves with the scenery. The mountain showed me that I cannot content myself with the sc enery. When night fell upon the summit, I stared at the slowly appearing stars until they completely make full the night sky. Despite the windy conditions and below freezing temperatures, I could not tear myself away from the awe-inspiring beauty of the cosmos. Similarly, despite the frustration and difficulties inherent in scientific study, I cannot retreat from my goal of universal understanding.

The Museum Experience :: Free Descriptive Essay About A Place

The Museum ExperienceOne of my favorite things to do when traveling in a modern city is to visit the museums. Ihave never been to a city that did not offer the usual museum fare, usually in the form of the Anytown Art Museum, or the Anytown Museum of Natural History. While these types of museums house some incredible artifacts, and I do visit them often, I also like to seek out museums of a more unusual sort.Museums are mostly the same just about everywhere you go, both in the United Statesand Europe. They offer the visitor a glimpse into the past culture of any given city or country by displaying relics found throughout the world. But in that respect are also galore(postnominal) museums that showcase artifacts of the culture in a much more specific way. Some fine examples of these kinds of museums include the Pez Museum, close to San Francisco, dedicated to the little candy dispenser, the Muzeum hracek in Prague, dedicated to meets of the world, both past and present, the Dungeo n, a history of Medieval torture, also in Prague, and the Liberace Museum in Las Vegas, dedicated to all things Liberace--and I mean all things. The Pez Museum is not actually in San Francisco, but is located south of the city in a town called Burlingame. If you are in the Bay Area for any reason, do not miss this museum Remember when you were a little kid, and you loved to collect Pez dispensers? Well, times have changed, and now Pez collections mean big money, and big business. The most high-priced Pez dispenser to date is the short lived Mr. Potato Head dispenser, complete with a make-it-yourself face. This Pezsells for $5,000 at auction This museum contains literally hundreds of Pez Dispensers, collected since their inception back in the Fifties. While Pez may not compare to a Rodin sculpture in terms of being considered classical art, obviously there are some people out there who appreciate the finer nuances of a mere candy dispenser.Toy museums abound throughout the world. I have been lucky enough to have visitedtwo toy museums in my life, both in Europe. The first one was in a quaint town in Germanycalled Rothenburg. This town dates back to the Medieval era, and is one of the a couple of(prenominal) towns in Western Europe that is still contained within its original defense walls. Because most of the buildings inside the walls are original, this town has become a major(ip) tourist attraction for European tourists.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Cause Effect Essay - The Causes of Teen Suicide :: Expository Cause Effect Essays Teenager

The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of teen suicide. This paper will include statistics and some background information on suicide survivors. Also this report will discuss some warning signs of teen suicide. It is important to take the subject of suicide seriously. It doesnt seem right that a teenager, who has lived for such a short time, would choose to die, but those who cant get over their depression sometimes do. Teen suicide is the third leading cause of last for young people aged 15 to 24 and the fourth leading cause of death for persons between the ages of 10 and 14 and it seems to be on the rise. barely accidental deaths and homicide follow it. Some experts believe that many accidental deaths are actually suicides. According to a 1991 Center for Disease Control and Prevention study, 27% of high school students thought about suicide, 16% had a plan and 8% made an attempt. Suicide affects teens of all races and social standing. Boys commit suicide more than of ten than girls do. It could be because its easier to get the tools for suicide, boys usually use firearms and girls often use pills so since the gun is more deadly, boys complete suicide. Over the past 15 years, the identify among girls has scarcely changed, but the rate among boys has tripled. Also, the rate among non-white males, even though its still lower than the white male rate, has been rising most quickly of all. Suicide form the second leading cause of death among whites after accidents and the third among blacks after homicides and accidents. Teen suicide is now considered a national mental health problem.The chief(prenominal) two causes for teen suicide is the mental disease of depression and family problems. 90% of teen suicide victims have at least one diagnosable, active psychiatrical unsoundness at the time of death, which is most often depression, substance abuse, or behavior disorders. Only 33-50% of victims was known by their doctors as having a mental illness at the time of their death, and only 15% were in treatment at the time of death. The pressures of modern life are greater these days and competition for nice grades and college admission is difficult which are extra stresses on already unsure teens. Some even think its because there is more violence in the media. lose of parental interest may make them feel alone and anonymous.

Cause Effect Essay - The Causes of Teen Suicide :: Expository Cause Effect Essays Teenager

The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of teen suicide. This paper leave include statistics and some background information on suicide survivors. Also this report will discuss some warning signs of teen suicide. It is important to compress the subject of suicide seriously. It doesnt seem right that a teenager, who has lived for such a short time, would choose to die, but those who cant get over their depression sometimes do. immature suicide is the third leading cause of death for young people aged 15 to 24 and the fourth leading cause of death for persons mingled with the ages of 10 and 14 and it seems to be on the rise. Only accidental deaths and homicide follow it. Some experts believe that many accidental deaths are actually suicides. According to a 1991 Center for Disease Control and Prevention study, 27% of high school students thought about suicide, 16% had a plan and 8% made an attempt. self-annihilation affects teens of all races and social standing. Boys co mmit suicide more than often than girls do. It could be because its easier to get the tools for suicide, boys usually use firearms and girls often use pills so since the gun is more deadly, boys complete suicide. Over the past 15 years, the rate among girls has scarcely changed, but the rate among boys has tripled. Also, the rate among non-white manlys, even though its still lower than the white male rate, has been rising most quickly of all. Suicide remains the second leading cause of death among whites after accidents and the third among blacks after homicides and accidents. Teen suicide is presently considered a national mental health problem.The main two causes for teen suicide is the mental disease of depression and family problems. 90% of teen suicide victims pay at least one diagnosable, active psychiatric illness at the time of death, which is most often depression, substance abuse, or behavior disorders. Only 33-50% of victims was know by their doctors as having a menta l illness at the time of their death, and only 15% were in treatment at the time of death. The pressures of modern feeling are greater these days and competition for good grades and college admission is difficult which are extra stresses on already unsure teens. Some even see its because there is more violence in the media. Lack of parental interest may make them feel alone and anonymous.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Review of Major Management Functions

MODULE TWO followup OF MAJOR counseling FUNCTIONS SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the components of the strong charge 2. Give at least 5 teachings of nurse management 3. Define supply, organizing, leading, and irresponsible 4. severalise the purposes and benefits of planning 5. Describe the phases of planning 6. Differentiate between strategicalal and operational planning 7. Describes the go in strategic planning 8. Name the major chemical element of channelizeing 9. Name the important criteria in the delegation of responsibilities 10. Name and describe at least common chord techniques utilise in controllingCONTENT OUTLINE I. THE NATURE OF MANAGEMENT PROCESS A. linguistic rules of charge Process B. Components of Management Process II. planning A. The Nature of formulation B. Purposes of Planning C. Process of Planning D. Types of Planning III. ORGANIZING A. Principles of Organizing IV. DIRECTING A. Activities Related to enjoin B. Selected Tasks of Nurse Managers-Sup ervisor C. Leadership, Communication, Motivation V. CONTROLLING A. Principles of Controlling I. THE NURSING MANAGEMENT PROCESS Management has been defined as the operation of getting work done through others.According to Fayol (in Swansburg, 1993) To manage is to forecast and plan, to make, to command, to coordinate and to control. To foresee and provide means of examining the future day and drawing up the plan of exploit. To organize means building up the duple structure, material, and human of the undertaking. To command means binding together, unifying and harmonizing all activity and effort. To control means seeing that everything occurs in conformity with established rule and uttered demand. A. The Principles of Management Process Fayol listed the principles of management as follows Division of Labor * Authority * Discipline * Unity of Command * subordination of individual interests to the worldwide interest * centralisation * Scalar Chain nurse management is the off set by which nurse managers work through others to achieve apprehension for memorial tabletal goals. The nurse managers childbed is to plan, organize, direct, and control available financial, material and human resources so as to provide the most effective c be possible to groups of patients and their families. Swansburg (1993) identified thirteen general principles of nursing management as follows Nursing management is planning. * Nursing management is the effective use of time. * Nursing management is decision making. * Meeting patients nursing c ar needs is the business of the nurse manager. * Nursing management is the formulation and achievement of social goals. * Nursing management is organizing. * Nursing management denotes a constituent, social position or rank, discipline and a field of study. * Nursing management is the active organ of the segment of nursing, of the organization, and of society in which it functions. * Organizational cultures glisten values and belie fs. Nursing management is directing and leading. * A well-managed division of nursing motivates employees to perform satisfactorily. * Nursing management is competent communication. * Nursing management is controlling or evaluating. B. Component of Effective Management Tappen identified the components of effective management as follows * Leadership * Planning * Direction * monitor * Recognition * Development * Representation Management Functions Identified Henri Fayol (1925) first identified the management functions and briefly described below 1.Planning encompasses find philosophy, goals, objectives, policies, procedures and rules carrying out long- and short-range projections find out a fiscal course of action and managing planned change. 2. Organizing includes establishing the structure to carry out plans, determining the most appropriate type of patient c ar delivery, and separate activities to meet unit goals. Other functions convey working within the structure of the orga nization and commiserateing and using power and authority appropriately. 3. Staffing functions consist of recruiting, interviewing, hiring, and orienting provide.Scheduling, staff development, employee socialization, and team building argon similarly often included as staffing functions. Includes several staffing functions. 4. enjoin sometimes includes several staffing functions. However, this phases functions usually connote human resource management responsibilities, such(prenominal) as motivating, managing conflict, delegating, communicating, and facilitating collaboration 5. Controlling functions include public presentation appraisals, fiscal accountability, quality control, and professional and collegial control II. PLANNING A. Nature of PlanningPlanning, a dynamic and future oriented process is the first element of management. It is a complex, involving whole set of interrelated actions and decisions (Tappen, 1997) Planning has been defined in several instructions as for use making plan of action for a foreseeable future (Fayo, 1949, Swansburg, 1996) or as having specific aim or purpose and mapping out a program or method beforehand for accomplishment of a goal. (Douglas, 1988) a process of beginning with objectives, followed by deciding strategies, policies, then by detailed steps on how to achieve them ( Steiner, 1969).These definitions indicate that it is a process whereby it is decided in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, who is to do it, as well determining feedback as bases for new plans. The planning step of the management process not only consists of determining the like needs of disparate types of patients, but also includes establishing nursing objectives, determining budgetary allotments, deciding the size and type of staff needed, blueprint an organizational structure that will maximize staff effectiveness, and establishing operational policies and procedures. (Gillies, 1994). Planning is a staple fibre functio n of all managers.Why plan? There are many reasons for planning. B. Purposes of Planning According to Douglas (in Swansburg, 1996), the benefits and purposes of planning include the adjacent 1. Planning leads to success in achieving goals and objectives. 2. It gives intend to work 3. It provides for effective use of available personnel and facilities 4. It helps in coping with crisis situations 5. It is cost effective 6. It is based on past and future, thus helping expurgate the element of change. 7. It can be used to discover the need for change 8. It is needed for effective control or so other benefits are mentioned by Donovan(1975) These are 1.Satisfactory outcomes of decision 2. Improved functions in emergencies 3. Assurance of economy of time, space, and materials, and 4. The highest of personnel Processes of Planning The process of planning is divided into three phases 1. Developing the plan 2. Presenting the plan 3. Implementing and supervise the plan C. Types of Plannin g Types of planning. According to Tomey (1992), planning can either be a) long range or strategic planning and b) short range or operational planning. Tappen (1995), on the other hand, classified planning according to the purpose it serves.For typeface, health consider planning is a broad, survey approach to determining the health needs of a specified population, a comm consonance or even an entire nation. The National Health perplexity Plan is an example. Project planning is the process applied to a particular project within an organization or a project carried out in cooperation with other agencies. Strategic planning or long range planning extends to five years into the future. It begins with in-depth analysis of the organizations internal environments strength and weaknesses and the external opportunities and threats so that pragmatic goals can be set for the future.Strategic planning goals are more generic and broader than those of operational planning. Historically, strat egic planning became plethoric in US health care settings and literature in the 1980s in response to major changes in the health care industry which began in the 70s. These changes amount to a higher(prenominal) cost of health care to the extent that it is almost unaffordable to the general public. Chief executives of health care organizations are resorting to mergers, formulate ventures, networking, and other ways of cutting be in order to survive.The main purposes of strategic planning are to clarify beliefs and values and to give direction to the organization III. ORGANIZING Organizing is a thinking process that identifies the organizational needs from mission statements and objectives and from observation of works performed, then adapting the organizational design and structure to meet these needs. It is the process of designing the machine. During the organizing process, activities are grouped, responsibility and authority are determined, and working relationships are establ ished to enable both the organization and the employees to realize their common objectives A.Principles of Organizing 1. The Principle of Chain of Command. This principle denotes centralized authority. It states that to be satisfying to members, economically effective, and successful in achieving their goals, organizations are established with hierarchical relationships within which authority flows from top to bottom. The pure line or hierarchical structure is a straightforward, direct chain of command pattern that emphasizes superior subordinate relationship, in the more modern organizations however, the chain of command is flat. 2. The Principle of Unity of Command.This principle states that employee has one supervisor/drawing card and one plan for a group of activities with the same objective. Although an employee may interact with many different individuals in the course of his work, he should be obligated to only one supervisor, whose direction he may regard as final. In Nur sing, primary nursing and shield management support the principle of unity of command. 3. The Principle of Span of Control. States that a person should be a supervisor of a group that he or she can effectively supervise in terms of numbers, functions, and geography.This principle is flexible because the more trained an employee is the less supervision is needed, while those still under grueling need more supervision to anticipate mistakes. 4. The Principle of specialization. States that each person perform a single leading function, This concept of division of labor or the differentiation among kinds of duties, springs from this principle IV. DIRECTING Directing is a function of leading. It involves the activities of commanding, supervising, coordinating, leading, implementing, delegating, communicating, training, and motivating.It is also a process by which nursing personnel are inspired and make to accomplish work. A. Activities Related to Directing 1. Formulating objectives for care that are realistic for the health agency, patient, client, and nursing personnel 2. Giving first priority to the needs of the client appoint to the nursing staff 3. Providing for condition and talent among departments that provided support service 4. Identifying responsibility for all activities 5. Providing for safe and continuous care 6. Considering the need for variety in task assignment and for development of personnel 7.Providing for the leaders availability to staff members for assistance. 8. Trusting members to follow through with their assignments 9. Interpreting protocol for responding to incidental requests 10. Explaining procedure to be followed in emergencies. 11. Giving clear, concise, formal and knowledgeable direction 12. Using a management control process B. Elements of Directing 1. Leadership. The leaders philosophical beliefs, abilities, leadership style influence greatly the way he directs. 2. Communication. Using good communication techniques is one o f the hallmarks of effective leadership and management.The nurse manager must understand that cooperation and communication in an organization go hand in hand. 3. Motivation. Motivating employees achieve high productivity and job satisfaction. V. CONTROLLING Controlling is the leadership function in which performance is measured and tonic action is taken to assure accomplishment of organizational goals. Controlling includes coordination of numerous activities, decision making related to planning and organizing activities, and information from the directing and evaluating of each workers performance. A.Principles of Controlling 1. The Principle of Uniformity ensures that controls are related to the organizational structure 2. The Principle of Comparison ensures that controls are stated in terms of the standards of the performance required 3. The Principle of Exception provides summaries that identify exceptions to the standards. 4. Establishing Standards. The controlling process establishes standards in terms of expected and measurable outcomes. These are the yardsticks by which achievement of objectives are measured. 5. step Performance.The standards are applied by collecting data and measuring the activities of nursing management, comparing standards with actual care. 6. Correcting Deviation. Any improvements deemed necessity from the feedback are made LEARNING ACTIVITIES 1. plow the similarities between the nursing process and the nursing management process 2. Describe at least three components of effective management 3. Give one example of a strategic or operational planning that you have made in relation to your professional lifetime 4. How will you apply the principles of directing and controlling in your field of work at present?Review of Major Management FunctionsMODULE TWO REVIEW OF MAJOR MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES 1. Describe the components of the effective management 2. Give at least 5 principles of nursing management 3. Define planning, organizing, leading, and controlling 4. State the purposes and benefits of planning 5. Describe the phases of planning 6. Differentiate between strategic and operational planning 7. Describes the steps in strategic planning 8. Name the major element of directing 9. Name the important criteria in the delegation of responsibilities 10. Name and describe at least three techniques used in controllingCONTENT OUTLINE I. THE NATURE OF MANAGEMENT PROCESS A. Principles of Management Process B. Components of Management Process II. PLANNING A. The Nature of Planning B. Purposes of Planning C. Process of Planning D. Types of Planning III. ORGANIZING A. Principles of Organizing IV. DIRECTING A. Activities Related to Directing B. Selected Tasks of Nurse Managers-Supervisor C. Leadership, Communication, Motivation V. CONTROLLING A. Principles of Controlling I. THE NURSING MANAGEMENT PROCESS Management has been defined as the process of getting work done through others.According to Fayol (in Swansburg, 1993) To manage is to forecast and plan, to organize, to command, to coordinate and to control. To foresee and provide means of examining the future and drawing up the plan of action. To organize means building up the dual structure, material, and human of the undertaking. To command means binding together, unifying and harmonizing all activity and effort. To control means seeing that everything occurs in conformity with established rule and expressed demand. A. The Principles of Management Process Fayol listed the principles of management as follows Division of Labor * Authority * Discipline * Unity of Command * Subordination of individual interests to the general interest * Centralization * Scalar Chain Nursing management is the process by which nurse managers work through others to achieve nursing organizational goals. The nurse managers task is to plan, organize, direct, and control available financial, material and human resources so as to provide the most effe ctive care possible to groups of patients and their families. Swansburg (1993) identified thirteen general principles of nursing management as follows Nursing management is planning. * Nursing management is the effective use of time. * Nursing management is decision making. * Meeting patients nursing care needs is the business of the nurse manager. * Nursing management is the formulation and achievement of social goals. * Nursing management is organizing. * Nursing management denotes a function, social position or rank, discipline and a field of study. * Nursing management is the active organ of the division of nursing, of the organization, and of society in which it functions. * Organizational cultures reflect values and beliefs. Nursing management is directing and leading. * A well-managed division of nursing motivates employees to perform satisfactorily. * Nursing management is efficient communication. * Nursing management is controlling or evaluating. B. Component of Effective M anagement Tappen identified the components of effective management as follows * Leadership * Planning * Direction * Monitoring * Recognition * Development * Representation Management Functions Identified Henri Fayol (1925) first identified the management functions and briefly described below 1.Planning encompasses determining philosophy, goals, objectives, policies, procedures and rules carrying out long- and short-range projections determining a fiscal course of action and managing planned change. 2. Organizing includes establishing the structure to carry out plans, determining the most appropriate type of patient care delivery, and grouping activities to meet unit goals. Other functions involve working within the structure of the organization and understanding and using power and authority appropriately. 3. Staffing functions consist of recruiting, interviewing, hiring, and orienting staff.Scheduling, staff development, employee socialization, and team building are also often incl uded as staffing functions. Includes several staffing functions. 4. Directing sometimes includes several staffing functions. However, this phases functions usually entail human resource management responsibilities, such as motivating, managing conflict, delegating, communicating, and facilitating collaboration 5. Controlling functions include performance appraisals, fiscal accountability, quality control, and professional and collegial control II. PLANNING A. Nature of PlanningPlanning, a dynamic and future oriented process is the first element of management. It is a complex, involving whole set of interrelated actions and decisions (Tappen, 1997) Planning has been defined in several ways as for example making plan of action for a foreseeable future (Fayo, 1949, Swansburg, 1996) or as having specific aim or purpose and mapping out a program or method beforehand for accomplishment of a goal. (Douglas, 1988) a process of beginning with objectives, followed by deciding strategies, p olicies, then by detailed steps on how to achieve them ( Steiner, 1969).These definitions indicate that it is a process whereby it is decided in advance what to do, how to do it, when to do it, who is to do it, as well determining feedback as bases for new plans. The planning step of the management process not only consists of determining the care needs of different types of patients, but also includes establishing nursing objectives, determining budgetary allotments, deciding the size and type of staff needed, designing an organizational structure that will maximize staff effectiveness, and establishing operational policies and procedures. (Gillies, 1994). Planning is a basic function of all managers.Why plan? There are many reasons for planning. B. Purposes of Planning According to Douglas (in Swansburg, 1996), the benefits and purposes of planning include the following 1. Planning leads to success in achieving goals and objectives. 2. It gives meaning to work 3. It provides for e ffective use of available personnel and facilities 4. It helps in coping with crisis situations 5. It is cost effective 6. It is based on past and future, thus helping reduce the element of change. 7. It can be used to discover the need for change 8. It is needed for effective control Some other benefits are mentioned by Donovan(1975) These are 1.Satisfactory outcomes of decision 2. Improved functions in emergencies 3. Assurance of economy of time, space, and materials, and 4. The highest of personnel Processes of Planning The process of planning is divided into three phases 1. Developing the plan 2. Presenting the plan 3. Implementing and monitoring the plan C. Types of Planning Types of planning. According to Tomey (1992), planning can either be a) long range or strategic planning and b) short range or operational planning. Tappen (1995), on the other hand, classified planning according to the purpose it serves.For example, health care planning is a broad, survey approach to deter mining the health needs of a specified population, a community or even an entire nation. The National Health Care Plan is an example. Project planning is the process applied to a particular project within an organization or a project carried out in cooperation with other agencies. Strategic planning or long range planning extends to five years into the future. It begins with in-depth analysis of the organizations internal environments strength and weaknesses and the external opportunities and threats so that realistic goals can be set for the future.Strategic planning goals are more generic and broader than those of operational planning. Historically, strategic planning became prevalent in US health care settings and literature in the 1980s in response to major changes in the health care industry which began in the 70s. These changes amount to a higher cost of health care to the extent that it is almost unaffordable to the general public. Chief executives of health care organization s are resorting to mergers, joint ventures, networking, and other ways of cutting costs in order to survive.The main purposes of strategic planning are to clarify beliefs and values and to give direction to the organization III. ORGANIZING Organizing is a thinking process that identifies the organizational needs from mission statements and objectives and from observation of works performed, then adapting the organizational design and structure to meet these needs. It is the process of designing the machine. During the organizing process, activities are grouped, responsibility and authority are determined, and working relationships are established to enable both the organization and the employees to realize their common objectives A.Principles of Organizing 1. The Principle of Chain of Command. This principle denotes centralized authority. It states that to be satisfying to members, economically effective, and successful in achieving their goals, organizations are established with hi erarchical relationships within which authority flows from top to bottom. The pure line or hierarchical structure is a straightforward, direct chain of command pattern that emphasizes superior subordinate relationship, in the more modern organizations however, the chain of command is flat. 2. The Principle of Unity of Command.This principle states that employee has one supervisor/leader and one plan for a group of activities with the same objective. Although an employee may interact with many different individuals in the course of his work, he should be responsible to only one supervisor, whose direction he may regard as final. In Nursing, primary nursing and case management support the principle of unity of command. 3. The Principle of Span of Control. States that a person should be a supervisor of a group that he or she can effectively supervise in terms of numbers, functions, and geography.This principle is flexible because the more trained an employee is the less supervision is needed, while those still under straining need more supervision to prevent mistakes. 4. The Principle of specialization. States that each person perform a single leading function, This concept of division of labor or the differentiation among kinds of duties, springs from this principle IV. DIRECTING Directing is a function of leadership. It involves the activities of commanding, supervising, coordinating, leading, implementing, delegating, communicating, training, and motivating.It is also a process by which nursing personnel are inspired and motivated to accomplish work. A. Activities Related to Directing 1. Formulating objectives for care that are realistic for the health agency, patient, client, and nursing personnel 2. Giving first priority to the needs of the client assigned to the nursing staff 3. Providing for condition and efficiency among departments that provided support service 4. Identifying responsibility for all activities 5. Providing for safe and continuous care 6. Considering the need for variety in task assignment and for development of personnel 7.Providing for the leaders availability to staff members for assistance. 8. Trusting members to follow through with their assignments 9. Interpreting protocol for responding to incidental requests 10. Explaining procedure to be followed in emergencies. 11. Giving clear, concise, formal and informal direction 12. Using a management control process B. Elements of Directing 1. Leadership. The leaders philosophical beliefs, abilities, leadership style influence greatly the way he directs. 2. Communication. Using good communication techniques is one of the hallmarks of effective leadership and management.The nurse manager must understand that cooperation and communication in an organization go hand in hand. 3. Motivation. Motivating employees achieve high productivity and job satisfaction. V. CONTROLLING Controlling is the leadership function in which performance is measured and corrective action is ta ken to assure accomplishment of organizational goals. Controlling includes coordination of numerous activities, decision making related to planning and organizing activities, and information from the directing and evaluating of each workers performance. A.Principles of Controlling 1. The Principle of Uniformity ensures that controls are related to the organizational structure 2. The Principle of Comparison ensures that controls are stated in terms of the standards of the performance required 3. The Principle of Exception provides summaries that identify exceptions to the standards. 4. Establishing Standards. The controlling process establishes standards in terms of expected and measurable outcomes. These are the yardsticks by which achievement of objectives are measured. 5. Measuring Performance.The standards are applied by collecting data and measuring the activities of nursing management, comparing standards with actual care. 6. Correcting Deviation. Any improvements deemed nec essary from the feedback are made LEARNING ACTIVITIES 1. Discuss the similarities between the nursing process and the nursing management process 2. Describe at least three components of effective management 3. Give one example of a strategic or operational planning that you have made in relation to your professional life 4. How will you apply the principles of directing and controlling in your field of work at present?

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Why I Want to Do Medicine

I pay off not had a member of my family dramatically saved by a revolutionary surgeon. I have not been influenced at a young age by a caring GP. I have not dreamt of cosmos a doctor for my entire spiritedness, nor played doctors and nurses as a child. These things a lot belong to television aesculapian dramas, not real life. And real life is what I have experienced. I have seen friends and colleagues so tired from nights of endless study that they answer the ward phone Countdown Dunedin, Patricia here (their dampen time job from everyplace ten years ago).I have seen them despair at not only not keen what to do for their favourite enduring, but not slaming what to do for the 15 other patients on their list for the day. Everyday I witness their frustration at not being capable to either translate their full attention to a patient, disappointment at not being able to convey the consequences of chronic medication non-compliance and the general day to day stresses of hospital life compounded with their medical inexperience. Yet I state I want to be a doctor. Over the past five years I have been a clinical apothecary.I am a good pharmacist I have sound knowledge in pharmaceutics and pharmacology, I have had wonderful relationships with health professionals of all ages and specialties and I take pride in my work and ability to relate to patients. I have risen by means of staff structure to be a clinical and department team leader, as well as being an active member of various hospital and national health groups roles I enjoy due to their pro-active healthcare approach. One part of my job involves teaching and working closely with medical staff.Some have said to me I bet you hate having to lecture us about medicines all the time, but what they dont realise is that its often one of the best parts of my job. Through them I get to hear about the complications and the challenges that face them everyday and I love to hear their stories. At the second base I feel like I am close, but yet so far, to doing what I really love. Dont get me wrong, pharmacy provides an invaluable service to patients as well as the healthcare team in total, and I am very proud to be a part of it. scarce when Im constantly going the extra mile to find out more about a patients condition, the cause, the pathology, the presentation things a pharmacist doesnt necessarily need to know I realise that this is really where my passion lies. The clues that blood results and other laboratory findings can give as well as the procedures and techniques that are used, continue to intrigue me. But most importantly, bringing all of these aspects together and having the knowledge, skill and belief that you can improve your patients well being for perhaps only a few days, is the most appealing part of medicine to me.I have had a savvy of the satisfaction that can come from improving a patients condition in a few instances, and knowing that I had a part in it provided me wi th a high for days. When I think of what made it enjoyable, it wasnt the medicine review or simply even the inclusion in the medical team. It was the amount I learnt, combined with the treatment process and responsibility of a decision and then the resulting gratitude from the patient and their family all things that I will never forget.And piece I know there will be many hard days ahead, the constant challenge and the feeling of fulfilment from the patients you may be able to make an impact on (or may make an impact on you) will be my driving force to continue to learn and relish feeler back day after day. This is not a decision I have made lightly. The sensible and logical side of me knows that remaining a pharmacist will give me a comfortable life and that medical school is just the start of life-long study, late nights and daily second-guessing.But I also know that you cant truly succeed in a position where you arent passionate about your work. Medicine is something I have be en interested in for years and I have continued to seek more from it, despite initial setbacks and alternative career choices. I have experienced hospital life as well as the real world and have spoken with mature house surgeons who have been in a similar position to tap and who re-iterate the daily struggles mentioned. But they also state that they would do it all over again for the satisfaction they get from their job. I want that. And I believe I would do it well.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Josephine Baker: Racial Refugee Comes Home

One hundred years ago a star was born, except its light, like that of real stars, took creationy years to reach us. Josephine bread maker, dancer, actress and singer, shone on the stages of France long before she was accepted here in her native country. Having escaped from the poverty of her earlier childhood, baker became a legendary performer in France moreover to be dismissed by American audiences of the 30s. Her story, fortunately, does not end there, as the changing amicable climate led to bakers eventual return and her efforts in the civil rights movement.Though it took decades, the Black Venus finally claimed her place in the history of American entertainers. Bakers early family life was a world away from the life of glamour she was to later lead in France. Born Freda Josephine McDonald in St. Louis, second in 1906, Baker was subjected to the racial prejudices of the times as a result of her mixed Native American and African-American origin. Sources vary on the identity of Bakers breed, but the official version lists Eddie Carson, a vaudeville drummer, and Carrie McDonald, a washerwoman, as Bakers parents.As an infant, Josephine was taken by her grow to winerooms and vaudeville houses where her father performed (Haney 1981, p. 6). St. Louis had an important music scene at the time, and this certainly had quite an impact on the young Freda. Carson soon abandoned fetch and child, and Bakers mother married another man, Arthur Martin, with whom she bore a son and two more daughters. Martin, often unemployed, could not support the household, and so Bakers childhood was fagged cleaning, babysitting and waitressing.Baker describes working for the lady of pleasure, a wealthy white-hot woman, in her autobiography, where she was required to get up at five in the morning (Baker and Bouillon 1977, p. 3) There was char to fetch, the stove to stoke, chamber pots and spittoons to empty, bed to make wood to cut, the kitchen clean. She did manage to go to school, but then worked after school as well, sleeping in the Mistresss cellar at night. Baker was only seven years old. Haney (1981, p.10) suggests that Josephines mother harbored resentment against her daughter, blaming her for the loss of Carson perhaps this, along with the familys poverty, explains wherefore Carrie McDonald sent her daughter to the Mistress. Josephine finally returned home after the Mistress was arrested for physically abusing her, but Josephine wound up living much of the time with her grandmother and auntie as her relationship with her mother deteriorated even further. Bakers feelings for the country of her birth were always to be influenced by the experiences of her youth in Missouri.In her autobiography, she recounts the story of sightedness her neighborhood go up in flames and seeing a black man beaten when whites decided to avenge the alleged rape of a white woman in July of 1917. Upon leaving her house to find the conflagration, Baker said she thought she was looking at the Apocalypse (1977, p. 2). Jean-Claude Baker and Chase (1993, p. 30) reject Bakers claim to have witnessed the St. Louis race riots, arguing that she only learned the story later from others. In any case, such an event was to leave a lasting impression on Josephine.not surprisingly, she was to leave St. Louis at a young age in search of a more promising future. In Josephines youth, a brighter future was not available to her through education she could only escape through marriage. At the age of only 13, Josephine married Willie Wells, a man more than twice her age (Baker and Chase 1993, p. 36). The marriage was illegal and short-lived (to be followed by five more marriages over the years), and Josephine was destined to return to her mothers house. Her true escape came when she joined the St. Louis Chorus line, where she was an instant hit.Baker was soon touring with vaudeville troops, performing skits. Though audiences loved Josephine, she faced racism in town sfolk after town, where she faced the Ku Klux Klan and segregation (Haney 1981, p. 29). Baker continued her rise to stardom, though, when in 1921 she landed a role in the Broadway production of Shuffle Along, despite maestro concerns that she was too dark for the part. As the show became a hit, Josephine made an enormous salary for the time. When the production came to St. Louis, Josephine performed before a mixed audience, but the blacks were restricted to the balcony seating.Josephines biological father, Eddie Carson, reportedly showed up to ask to be hired for the show, only to be rejected (Haney (1981, p. 39). Baker followed up her success with a role in The Chocolate Dandies in 1924 and became a legend in connection with the Harlem Renaissance in 1925 at The Plantation Club. The real turning point came later in 1925, though, when Baker made her debut in Paris with Joe Alex and the Danse Sauvage in La Revue Negre at the Theatre des Champs-Elysees. The audience loved Baker, who danced wearing only a feather skirt.From there, she went on to tour Europe and eventually star in La Follie du Jour at the Follies-Begere, often appearing with her pet leopard and dancing in a skirt made of bananas. She was to star in two movies, ZouZou and Princess Tam-Tam in the mid-thirties, by which time she was one of the highest paid entertainers in Europe (Official Site). In 1936, though, Baker was to be forcefully reminded of the barriers African-Americans were facing in her native country when she returned to the United States to star in the Ziegfield Follies.Unpopular with American audiences and critics, Baker was eventually replaced by capital of Italy Rose Lee. In fact, Josephine met the realities of American racism as soon as she got off the boat from France, as she was ref utilize a room in several bracing York hotels because of her color. Miki Sawada, Bakers maid at the time, was with her and described what happened (Baker and Chase 1993, p. 191) I could not believe this could be the same woman I had seen in Europe, standing(a) triumphant on the stage, showered with flowers.Here she was huddled before me on the floor, weeping. In publicity photos for the production, Baker was lit so that she would appear lighter. She wrote to a friend, be assured, if I trust to make a telephone call in the street, Im still a negresse (Baker and Chase 1993, p. 196). After the newspaper critics panned her performances, the show closed and Baker returned to France. Despite her experience in the thirties, Baker returned to America in the fifties and sixties to work to advance civil rights for people of color.The most famous authority occurred when Baker worked with the NAACP to protest segregation at The Stork Club. Animosity brewed as a result between Baker and gossip columnist Walter Winchell, which led to Bakers name being tainted in the Red Scare of the McCarthy era. Baker found other ways to combat racism as well, adopting twelve multi-ethnic children who came to be known as the Rainbow Tribe. The first of her children, a son, was an occupation baby, a baby of mixed Japanese and Western race from Tokyo.Other adoptees hailed from Finland, Columbia, Canada and Israel (Baker and Bouillon 1977, p. 192-196). By the time of her death in 1975, Josephine Baker had accomplished more in her lifetime than anyone could possibly have imagined was possible for an African-American woman born at the beginning of the century. Not only did Baker manage to overcome the poverty and social limitations of her youth, she emerged as legendary entertainer, a champion of civil rights and a mother to so umpteen who came from homes and situations as bleak as her own had been.Despite the many occasions on which her fellow Americans rejected her, Baker never gave up on her homeland and used her experiences as motivation to work toward a better society. The spate of biographies and the documentary of her life that have sprung up in the last two decades are a si gn of the changing social climate and racial relations in America, as well as a sign of the longevity of Bakers legacy. Bibliography Baker, J.and Bouillon, J. (1977) Jospehine. New York, Harper & Row Publishers. Baker, J. C. and Chase, C. (1993) Josephine The Hungry Heart New York. Random House. Biography. Available from The Official Site of Josephine Baker, Josephine Baker Estate c/o CMG oecumenic Accessed 19 October 2006. Haney, L. (1981) Naked at the Feast A Biography of Josephine Baker. New York, Dodd, Mead & Company.

Friday, May 24, 2019

Gummy Bear Lab Essay

Question- If the percent of the concentration of a solution varies, go out the amount of water gained or wooly-minded vary in a analog fashion?Hypothesis- If the concentration of a solution varies, then the amount of water helpless or gain will not vary in a linear fashionPrediction- I think that the amount of water lost will not vary in a linear fashion. I think the water will vary like one gummy bear would lose 4 grams while other would lose 6 grams while another would lose 3.56 grams. Just numbers all over the place.Experiment-1. Materials neededa. 5 gummy bearsb. 5 beakersc. A surpassd. Distilled watere. Saltf. A cover for each beakerg. A paper to put on the scaleh. TweezersThe in unfree variable is the salt in the water. The parasitical variable is whether the amount of water lost or gained in the gummy bears varies in a linear fashion. The constants are the type of gummy bear use in this experiment, the type of salt, the type of beaker, the type of scale, the cover, amou nt of water, and the amount of time the gummy bears have. The control is the beaker without the salt in it Beaker A. Safety proceduresinclude washing your give before and after the experiment.Day 1 Get 5 beakers and 5 gummy bears. Put a paper on the scale and arrive the burthen of the gummy bears. Then put the gummy bears in each beaker and label the beakers A-E. Put 100 ml of water in each beaker. Pick a solution you want each beaker to have. For this experiment the solutions were Beaker A- 0% Beaker B- 5% Beaker C- 10% Beaker D- 15%, and Beaker E- 20%. So to put the solutions into the beaker, first take salt and find the weight of it. It you want a 5% solution the salts weight has to be 5 grams or close to 5 grams.Do the alike(p) for the other beakers. Of course, Beaker A will have no salt in it because it doesnt have a solution with salt. Cover each beaker with the same sympathetic of cover and wait for 24 hours to see what happens. Day 2 Take the beakers out of the place th ey were in. Spill all the liquid out of all the beakers. trifle sure to identify which gummy bear is which. It is best to do this one at a time. Take the gummy bear out of the beaker with tweezers. Put a paper on the scale and weigh each gummy bear. Record the weight. When you are through with(p) weighing each, throw the gummy bears and all waste apart and wash your hands.AnalysisObservations were that all the gummy bears lost their pale yellow color and turned into a clear color. Some gummy bears had salt adhesive to it. Another gummy bear lost its shape completely and it looked like glob. Some gummy bears looked like it gained weight and some looked like it lost weight. Errors were that a little bit of salt was added into the control group Beaker A. Results from Alexiss group were that all the gummy bears gained weight and Justin told me that all his gummy bears likewise gained weight although I dont know what their solution were for each beaker or the difference from the fina l weight to the initial weight. Their results didnt vary in a linear fashion. Mathematical calculations were to subtract the final weight of the gummy bear with the initial weight of the gummy bear.ConclusionThe results of the experiment were that the water lost or gained didnt vary in a linear fashion. It went from one number to another. Even though the amount of solute varied in a linear fashion, the differences did not. They vary at a nonlinear rate. These results matched the hypothesis and proved it correct.Errors that happened in this experiment were that some salt was added to the control group Beaker A. This could have affected the dependent variable by gummy bear losing a little bit of weight because of the salt. The results from the other groups were that their results didnt vary in a linear fashion. This is reproducible with my results because the difference in grams also didnt vary in a linear fashion. This means that my lab was done correctly.Other experiments that can be done are by taking a jar and filling it with water. Then secure the paper towel on the jar with a rubber band. put to work a water filled chamber to put food coloring material drops it in and see what happens. The paper towel is the cell membrane and the food coloring is the water molecules crossing the cell membrane. Another experiment is by filling two beakers of water, making them full and labeling them. Then add salt to one beaker and go it into the water until no more salt can dissolve. Put a carrot, celery, and 3 raisins in each beaker and see what happens in 24 hours.